When you get diagnosed with cancer, or someone you love does, everyone on the planet—from cancer survivors, family, “friends” on social media, to strangers, doctors, and natural healers—starts sharing all sorts of cancer advice with you.
You’re suddenly regaled with myriad suggestions for what supplements to take; why you absolutely must follow the latest anti-cancer fad protocol; and how person X dodged the Grim Reaper and made a miraculous recovery by doing Y.
The very best thing about all of this unsolicited advice? It’s a mishmash of contradictions. Especially when the advice is about what you should be eating.
Eat only raw meat!
Never eat raw meat, but become a total carnivore!
Water-only fast!
Don’t ever fast!
Carrots contain too much sugar, don’t ever eat them!
You get the idea.
It’s all a little overwhelming, especially at first. Especially when you wake up every morning surprised that you’re still alive.
Trying to get high quality information in this age of mind-fullness, artificial “intelligence,” and snake-oil sellers disguising themselves as caring healers is difficult.
And … if you’re lucky enough to lose your eye to ocular cancer (yay me!), reading anything on-line, which causes me both eye strain and headaches, is also challenge.
I’ve been doing my best to learn as much as I can. I know that cancer **is** curable. I remain stubbornly optimistic. I’m inspired by the stories of miraculous recoveries and the good folks who go from hospice to healthy. But it’s been really rough.
I don’t wish a cancer diagnosis on anyone. It’s devastating to watch so many friends, colleagues, and acquaintances die from this disease. And the suffering some of my friends have experienced is beyond anything I could have imagined before going through it myself.
Still, cancer is also very interesting.
Being alive is too.
I don’t want my body to be overwhelmed by this disease but I also find it curious—and sometimes even funny—that I have an extraordinarily rare cancer and I have somehow become the test subject in an (admittedly rather unscientific and messy) experiment.
My husband likes to say that curiosity is everything. I think he’s right.
Cancer is teaching me all the lessons.
“Beekeepers don’t get cancer”
Last year an apiarist told me about an old wives’ tale. She said the scuttlebutt in the beekeeping world is that “beekeepers don’t get cancer.”
Many anti-cancer protocols insist on zero sugar and no sweeteners of any kind, whether natural or artificial. But this apiarist is a firm believer in the healing power of honey, as well as in the immune benefits of bee stings.
All of this piques my curiosity. Is it really true that beekeepers don’t get cancer? And if beekeepers don’t get cancer, why not?
Is it the honey? Is it the bee stings? Is it that they’re spending most of their days outside in the healing sunshine, soaking up the vitamin D?
Is it that they’re also digging in the dirt a lot and we know getting down and dirty—playing in the dirt, keeping animals, growing organic food—helps us avoid chronic diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer, at least according to pediatric neurologist Maya Shetreat-Klein, M.D., author of The Dirt Cure?
Is it that most beekeepers usually live on farms, eat fresh, whole foods, and generally follow a more active and healthier lifestyle than many modern-day humans who eat ultra-processed foods and live sedentary lives?
Is it something else entirely?
Researching human health and longevity is notoriously complicated.
A cure for one person with cancer may have no effect on another patient’s disease. It may even accelerate cancer growth in someone else with the same diagnosis.
The pre-cancer Jennifer was such a know-it-all.
The Jennifer 2.0 is knowledgeable but nuanced, less certain, and much less judgmental.
So, I can’t give you a definitive answer about beekeepers and cancer. Like with many health questions, I’m not sure what I think. But I can share with you some of what my research has revealed.
Fuzzy chemists
Bees aren’t just adorable and wonderful and good for the planet in so many ways. They’re also little fluffy six-legged chemists and builders.
They make something called propolis—a sticky, resinous material also known as “bee glue.” They use this propolis to seal cracks in their hives, protect the colony from predators, and help keep certain non-beneficial microbes out of the colony, according to ScienceInsights.org.
Propolis is chemically fascinating. [1] Its composition changes depending on where the bees live, which flowers and other plants the bees are frequenting, and the season.
We have interesting data showing that propolis can be protective against cancer, and may also be an effective anti-cancer bee product for treating cancer patients.
This may in part be due to a compound found in propolis called CAPE: caffeic acid phenethyl ester.
Say that five times fast. I double dare you.
Why caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) matters
In a peer-reviewed scientific article published in 1996, a team of scientists from the University of Texas found that CAPE blocked activation of NF-κB. NF-κB activation is an inflammatory factor involved in immune signaling, inflammation, cell survival, and cancer-related stress responses. [2]
This is a little confusing and complicated—as is a lot of cancer biochemistry.
If I may simplify: blocking NF-κB activation is good and has the potential to help fight against cancer.
NF-κB matters because some cancer cells use inflammatory survival programs to avoid dying.
For example, in 2001 scientists discovered that NF-κB activity is required for tumor-cell survival in activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma. [3]
CAPE has also been studied in gastric epithelial cells exposed to Helicobacter pylori, the bacterium linked to ulcers and gastric cancer.
In a 2005 study, published in the British Journal of Pharmacology, Egyptian scientists found that CAPE inhibited H. pylori-induced NF-κB and AP-1 DNA-binding activity in a dose-dependent way.
That study also found that CAPE reduced H. pylori-induced cell proliferation, inflammatory cytokines, and COX-2 expression. [4]
In an earlier study on colon cancer, a team of researchers in Taiwan found that CAPE inhibited capillary-like tube formation, reduced invasion by CT26 colon adenocarcinoma cells, lowered MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, and reduced VEGF production in mice. [5]
VEGF stands for vascular endothelial growth factor. VEGF promotes the formation of new blood vessels that then feed nutrients to cancer cells. In the 2003 Taiwanese study when CAPE was given intraperitoneally (that is, administered via entry into the small bowel), it reduced pulmonary metastasis and lowered blood levels of VEGF.
CAPE has also been studied in breast cancer cells. In 2004, scientists in Japan found that CAPE appeared to help push some cancer cells from survival mode toward self-destruct mode. [7]
At the same time, another study, published in 2009, found that CAPE was eliminated rapidly after intravenous administration in rats, with a half-life of only about 21 to 27 minutes. [6]
Questions remain: What does it mean that CAPE has such a short half-life in vivo? Are these studies biologically relevant to humans struggling with cancer? What’s the best and most effective way to get CAPE into the human body? Does it do anything when taken orally as opposed to being administered intravenously? What kind of dosing do we need to give a human patient in order for it to be effective? And how do we source the propolis that has the largest concentrations of anti-cancer properties?
So we know—sort of—that propolis in general and CAPE in particular can help mitigate cancer-induced inflammatory, apoptotic, angiogenic, and invasive pathways.
Might this be one reason beekeepers don’t get cancer as often as non-beekeepers?
And then there’s the bee venom…
When I met with the apiarist last year, she did a sting test on me. Epi-pen and antihistamines in hand, she put a bee on my abdomen and had it sting me near my liver.
I love getting stung by bees. ~Said no sane person ever.
It hurt.
I also felt bad for the bee, whose life was then forfeit.
And I had a full-blown immune reaction, with swelling and redness and itching that started the next day and lasted for nearly a week.
Ouch.
No fun.
Pain notwithstanding, bee venom is touted as a powerful anti-inflammatory.
(An interesting aside: blue scorpion venom is another treatment that is used by integrative doctors to fight cancer. Blue scorpions are native to Cuba. I don’t know what compounds are contained in their venom but ever since I heard about this—when I was looking for an in-patient hospital to go to outside the United States—I’ve wanted to find out.)
Back to bees. Bee venom, which contains a mixture of bioactive compounds, has two peptides that are thought to be beneficial to human health. A peptide is a short string of amino acids and a building block of protein. The two peptides are:
1. Melittin, a 26-amino-acid peptide
2. Apamin, an 18-amino-acid peptide
Melittin is a main component of honeybee venom. It interacts with cell membranes and can rupture cells.
Cancer cells don’t like having their membranes disrupted.
(Neither do healthy cells.)
In 2020, an interesting and important study on bee venom’s effects on cancer was published in the prestigious journal Nature. [8]
An international team of scientists based in Australia and the United States found that honeybee venom suppressed growth factor receptor activation in HER2-enriched and triple-negative breast cancer cells.
Melittin was especially potent in aggressive breast cancer subtypes.
For the biochemists and uber science geeks: It appeared to suppress EGFR and HER2 phosphorylation, interfering with downstream PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling.
Triple-negative breast cancer is notoriously hard to treat. HER2-enriched cancers are as well.
While that study didn’t show that bee stings cure breast cancer, it did find that melittin is biologically potent and mechanistically interesting.
Another study on ovarian cancer, published in 2012, found that bee venom inhibited the growth of SKOV3 and PA-1 ovarian cancer cells, increased death receptor expression, and inhibited JAK2/STAT3 signaling. [9]
The problem with bee venom, which is a problem with almost every potential anti-cancer treatment (including chemotherapy and radiation), is that it also has the potential to damages healthy cells.
Still, I think it’s fair to assume that beekeepers get stung by bees regularly, and that this is likely another reason for why they don’t get cancer as often as the rest of us.
But the best avenue for melittin as a cancer treatment is probably not having cancer patients get stung over and over again by bees.
Instead, scientists would need to develop a safe and effective way to safely deliver melittin so that it can destroy cancer cells without doing excessive harm to the human host.
One way to do this may be by suspending the melittin in microscopic globules of oil.
Scientists in China examined whether melittin-lipid nanoparticles designed to target lymph nodes could trigger a systemic anti-tumor immune response. [10]
Those experiments, published in Nature Communications in 2020, found that α-melittin nanoparticles promoted tumor antigen release in place, activated antigen-presenting cells in lymph nodes, increased antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, and inhibited both primary and distant tumor growth in a B16F10 melanoma mouse model.
In that mouse model, α-melittin nanoparticles produced dramatic inhibition of both primary and distant tumors.
This study seems particularly important to me, perhaps because I have metastatic melanoma. It suggests that when melittin is packaged and delivered intelligently, it can become a local immune activator and an effective way to inhibit tumor growth.
What about honey itself?
Honey is a chemically complex substance that contains hundreds of different compounds.
Not all honey is created equal.
Honey can degrade over time. And many varieties of honey—like so many other foods—have been found to be contaminated with known carcinogens.
The mother of all honeys, known for its healing properties and used even in conventional medicine, is Manuka honey.
Manuka honey comes from bees that pollinate the Manuka tree, Leptospermum scoparium, a flowering tree in the myrtle family native to New Zealand.
A key compound in Manuka honey is methylglyoxal, or MGO.
In a 2009 Czech study of 61 Manuka honey samples, MGO levels ranged from 189 to 835 mg/kg, and antibacterial activity rose in close correlation with MGO concentration.
The Czech scientists concluded that MGO was the dominant bioactive compound responsible for the characteristic antibacterial properties of Manuka honey above about 150 mg/kg. [11]
Antibacterial properties, check.
Wound healing potential, check. (When an 82-year-old friend went to the doctor the other day for a wound on his leg that would not heal, they slathered the wound with Manuka honey and put a dressing over it.)
What about anti-cancer properties?
In a 2021 review article, scientists in Italy explained that MGO has a dual role in tumor progression.
At high levels, MGO can be cytotoxic and push cells toward apoptosis.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
It’s what we want healthy cells to do when they’re misbehaving.
When you have cancer, this normal, life-saving apoptosis shuts off. Cancer cells have unchecked growth, which is a problem since they will eventually grow themselves out of existence by killing the host.
At the same time, according to the Italian researchers, at lower levels, cancer cells may adapt to MGO stress in ways that actually encourage and support tumor progression, the opposite of what we want a cancer treatment to do. [12]
“Poking the bear” is how an ozone engineer named Steve (more about him behind the paywall of this post), who has dedicated the second half of his career to helping people fight cancer, describes sub-therapeutic cancer treatment dosing.
You don’t want to wake the bear up and make him angry. You want to usher the bear out of your body and make sure it never returns.
A 2024 Manuka honey breast cancer study
Natural health advocates make a huge to do about manuka honey.
Perhaps there’s a there there.
I’m not sure.
But I can tell you that a 2024 preclinical study done by a team of scientists at UCLA reported that Manuka honey inhibited human breast cancer progression in laboratory and animal models. [13]
This study used human breast cancer cells transplanted into mice.
In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, Manuka honey inhibited proliferation at 0.3 to 5.0 percent methylglyoxal (MGO).
At 2.5 percent MGO, it reduced proliferation of MCF-7 cancer cells but not non-malignant human mammary epithelial cells.
It also stimulated apoptosis, increased PARP cleavage, activated AMPK, inhibited AKT/mTOR signaling, and reduced phosphorylated STAT3.
In mice with established MCF-7 tumors, orally administered Manuka honey significantly inhibited tumor growth. The study reported an 84 percent reduction in established tumor growth.
This UCLA study wasn’t a randomized clinical trial in women with breast cancer.
And it doesn’t “prove” that eating Manuka honey is an effective treatment for breast cancer.
But it does suggest that Manuka honey may be a powerful way to help breast cancer patients heal.
I love bees.
And I enjoy eating honey.
I also like the idea that some of the natural substances made by the diligent and tireless work of bees could help us humans.
So, is it okay to eat honey and use bee products if you have cancer?
For over a year after I was diagnosed with ocular melanoma, I ate nothing sweet. No refined sugar, date sugar, or coconut sugar. No maple syrup. No honey. I did eat some fruit, including blueberries, but I avoided over-ripe bananas, raisins, dates, and sweet apples.
Now I eat a little local honey.
I still have more questions than answers.
What honey is best to eat?
Are there some bee products I should be using on a daily basis?
Can honey or bee products actually treat cancer?
If so, what’s the best way to administer them? And what’s the optimal dosing?
Yikesamundo. No wonder those of us trying to use the best of allopathic medicine and more natural modalities end up feeling overwhelmed.
Treating cancer is complicated.
Miracle-cure marketing is not.
There’s no one more willing to fall for false promises than a bone-weary, desperate cancer patient (and their family) worried about dying.
Don’t believe the hype, whether it’s allopathic or alternative. When it comes to bees and cancer, here are my take-aways:
Bee-derived compounds show potential in treating cancer.
Getting stung by bees is also likely beneficial to the immune system (as long as you don’t have an anaphylactic reaction).
Manuka honey is biologically active, appears to have several anti-cancer properties, and has shown promise in preclinical breast cancer rodent studies.
Honey and bee-derived compounds may be effective cancer-busters—especially if scientists, clinicians, and patients can figure out the best delivery methods, proper dosing, and safety issues.
In the meantime, I don’t think I’ll become a beekeeper in this lifetime. But I am working very hard to not die from stage four metastatic melanoma, and I will keep drawing bees.
About the author:
Jennifer Margulis, Ph.D., is an award-winning investigative journalist and book author. She has worked on a child survival campaign in Niger, West Africa; appeared live on prime-time television in Paris, France; and been a fellow at the Schuster Institute of Investigative Journalism in Waltham, Massachusetts. Her books, which have sold over 300,000 copies combined, have been translated into Chinese, Estonian, German, Korean, and Vietnamese. A sought-after speaker and writing coach, she is also an internationally recognized advocate for medical freedom and toxic-free living.
Related articles:
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Eye Can’t See, But I Have a Falsie Now
I Wore Contact Lenses for Almost 30 Years. Is THAT Why I Have Cancer Now?
Selected references:
[1] Toreti VC, Sato HH, Pastore GM, Park YK. “Recent Progress of Propolis for Its Biological and Chemical Compositions and Its Botanical Origin.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
[2] Natarajan K, Singh S, Burke TR Jr, Grunberger D, Aggarwal BB. “Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is a potent and specific inhibitor of activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1996; 93: 9090–9095.
[3] Davis RE, Brown KD, Siebenlist U, Staudt LM. “Constitutive Nuclear Factor κB Activity Is Required for Survival of Activated B Cell–like Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Cells.” Journal of Experimental Medicine, 2001.
[4] Abdel-Latif MMM, Windle HJ, El Homasany BS, Sabra K, Kelleher D. “Caffeic acid phenethyl ester modulates Helicobacter pylori-induced nuclear factor-kappa B and activator protein-1 expression in gastric epithelial cells.” British Journal of Pharmacology, 2005; 146:1139–1147.
[5] Liao H-F, Chen Y-Y, Liu J-J, Hsu M-L, Shieh H-J, Liao H-J, Shieh C-J, Shiao M-S, Chen Y-J. “Inhibitory Effect of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Angiogenesis, Tumor Invasion, and Metastasis.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003.
[6] Watabe M, Hishikawa K, Takayanagi A, Shimizu N, Nakaki T. “Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Induces Apoptosis by Inhibition of NFκB and Activation of Fas in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2004; 279: 6017–6026.
[7] Wang X, Pang J, Maffucci JA, Pade DS, Newman RA, Kerwin SM, Bowman PD, Stavchansky S. “Pharmacokinetics of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and its Catechol-ring Fluorinated Derivative Following Intravenous Administration to Rats.” Biomedical Chromatography, 2009.
[8] Duffy C, Sorolla A, Wang E, Golden E, Woodward E, Davenport K, Ho D, Johnstone E, Pfleger K, Redfern A, Iyer KS, Baer B, Blancafort P. “Honeybee venom and melittin suppress growth factor receptor activation in HER2-enriched and triple-negative breast cancer.” npj Precision Oncology, 2020;4:24.
[9] Jo M, Park MH, Kollipara PS, An BJ, Song HS, Han SB, Kim JH, Song MJ, Hong JT. “Anti-cancer effect of bee venom toxin and melittin in ovarian cancer cells through induction of death receptors and inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 pathway.” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2012.
[10] Yu X, Dai Y, Zhao Y, Qi S, Liu L, Lu L, Luo Q, Zhang Z. “Melittin-lipid nanoparticles target to lymph nodes and elicit a systemic anti-tumor immune response.” Nature Communications, 2020;11.
[11] Atrott J, Henle T. “Methylglyoxal in Manuka Honey – Correlation with Antibacterial Properties.” Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27(Special Issue 1), 2009; S163-S165.
[12] Leone A, Nigro C, Nicolò A, Prevenzano I, Formisano P, Beguinot F, Miele C. “The Dual-Role of Methylglyoxal in Tumor Progression – Novel Therapeutic Approaches.” Frontiers in Oncology, 2021; 11:645686.
[13] Márquez-Garbán DC, Yanes CD, Llarena G, Elashoff D, Hamilton N, Hardy M, Wadehra M, McCloskey SA, Pietras RJ. “Manuka Honey Inhibits Human Breast Cancer Progression in Preclinical Models.” Nutrients, 2024;16:2369.
Also here is a recent letter for Bruce Lipton on his own journey with tongue cancer that is powerfully curious.
Hello Dear Friends, Seekers and Cultural Creatives,
The Biology of Belief: When the Teacher Becomes the Student
Ever since The Biology of Belief was published in 2005, many, many readers have approached me to tell me how this book helped them to recover from cancer without medical intervention, radiation and chemotherapy. My response has been to congratulate them on taking back power over their lives. I then follow up with, "Now that you have healed yourself, you should be a teacher to help other overcome their cancers. You have personally healed your cancer and can guide other patients from your direct experience."
Three years ago, I went to an ENT physician (ear-nose-throat doc) complaining about a facial pain that affected my ear. In the process he examined my throat. He became very quiet and took on a very concerned look. He paused for a minute and in a most serious voice said, "You have cancer"; there is a tumor growing in your tongue and throat. My response was a calm and simple, "Oh." He then paused and waited for me to make the fear-based emotional response, which all his patients expressed when diagnosed with cancer.
I wrote the damn book on biology of belief, so my mind and heart did not get jolted with his threatening prognosis. He referred me to an oncologist for a consultation. Diagnosed with a malignant cancer, I was offered two choices of treatment: surgically cut-out my tongue or go through an extensive process of radiation followed by chemotherapy. Then added that radiation "side-effects" would cause my teeth to drop out, I would experience labored breathing and swallowing, and I would lose my taste buds. I immediately declined the offer of a medical resolution and told the doctor that I would try to resolve this tumor on my own. I'll never forget his response; he shrugged and looked away revealing his disdain for my foolish "New Age" response.
The growing cancer soon immobilized my tongue, and I lost the ability to clearly annunciate, a major disability for a person who makes their career as a lecturer. It was then that I tried to assess WHY the cancer was focused on my tongue. To what dysfunctional belief or behavior was my body trying to inform me? The answer became clear; for twenty years my research revealed that Darwinian evolution theory was not only wrong, but its emphasis on the "survival of the fittest in the struggle for life" was undermining civilization. My research on epigenetics and the role of quantum physics revealed a scientific theory of evolution that was based on thrival, not survival. A new theory that would unite civilization and replace competition with an understanding that cooperation was the true drive force of evolution.
I thought about writing this theory but was daunted by the notion, "Who am I to challenge the great Darwin." Instead of writing, I began to give more lectures and let the idea of writing the theory fall by the wayside. I then realized that through the tumor in my tongue, my biology was saying, "Shut up and write the damn book!
I shut down my lecture schedule and began to write the new evolution theory, a story which I perceived as an antidote to the destructive behavior generated by Darwinian theory. While I relented to have 2 short targeted radiation treatments, with 4 minutes for each exposure, I focused my healing regimen seeking an integrated approach to support the elimination of the cancer. Firstly, I realized my diet and advancing weight were undermining my health. I went to Costa Rica and spent a month training with a remarkable nutritionist, Jorge Krebber, and who radically changed my diet to support my cells. Then my biocompatible holistic dentist, David Biles, revealed that an abscess resulting from a root canal procedure in a tooth near the cancer in my tongue was generating a toxic environment that was influencing the tumor's growth. David informed me that virtually all root canals result in chronic infections that are resistant to the immune system's protection mechanisms.
Through a dear friend, I received a generous offer to use an AI-driven energy device based on Rife technology. I also began using ozone inhalation to inhibit the growth, along with working with an osteopath, Andrea Poli, whose energy healing modalities helped to revive the function of my paralyzed tongue. Dr. Karl Maret, my naturopath, put me on a strict regimen of a variety health supplements to enhance my vitality and improve the function my immune system. With the generous support of Bradley Nelson, developer of the Emotion Code and the Body Code, my energy field was encouraged to reprogram my subconscious programs. From across the globe, the healing process was further enhanced through the support of renowned energy healer, Matt Riemann. Some of my negative subconscious programs were upgraded through energy psychology (Psych-K) to rewrite any existing limiting beliefs. And lastly, I must acknowledge the prayers of support offered by countless followers of my presentations on the "New" Biology.
It is very important to note that the healing process is not necessarily instantaneous! Changes in consciousness generally need time to rewrite the negative programs and integrate the results, and my experience was, at times, painful and frustrating. I believe my healing took a long period of time for a simple reason; it took a while before the new book began to take form and become complete while I continued supporting my health with the above integrated healing modalities. Since my writing efforts were complete, scans of my mouth and throat revealed that the tumor had become benign and stopped growing.
Finally, the new book, entitled BEYOND DARWIN: How Epigenetics, Quantum Science and Cooperation Shape Humanity's Future, is now in press, due to be released on August 18th. Part 1 of the new book presents a new sustainable scientific theory of evolution written for the public, while Part 2 offers important lifestyle interventions that can help us manifest health and healing within ourselves, as well as resolving the planet's escalating health crisis.
Just last week, the scan of my tongue and throat revealed that the tumor is completely gone. The Biology of Belief healed my cancer and in following my own advice, I am happily back on the road teaching the new theory of evolution, one that emphasizes how cooperation and the development of community represent a way to heal ourselves and the planet.
With wishes that BEYOND DARWIN will empower YOU and the rest of civilization to manifest a world filled with Health and Happiness,
Dr Bruce Lipton
What an incredible source of knowledge, so well researched and documented. As a nature lover I am again in owe how much healing it holds for us if we dare to open our hearts and minds to it. I also had tears in my eyes reading, because my great grandfather was a brilliant doctor, sergeant and a beekeeper using honey, propolis and royal jelly. He had a local radio show about natural healing and bought and donated a tank to Soviet Union army during WWII. He was a polish jew and it's a miracle how he survived the repressions and was allowed to do what he did.
Thank you, Jennifer, for bringing so much valuable information and food for thought. Always a pleasure to read your articles.